“If soaps refuse to allow us to condemn
most characters and actions until all the evidence is in (and of course it
never is), there is one character whom we are allowed to hate unreservedly: the
villainess, the negative image of the spectator’s ideal self. Although much of
the suffering on soap operas is presented as unavoidable, the surplus suffering
is often the fault of the villainess who tries to ‘make things happen and
control events better than the subject/spectator can’.”
(Tania Modleski, “The Search for Tomorrow in Today’s Soap Operas. Notes on a Feminine Narrative Form.” Film Quarterly 33:1 (1979) 12-21, citation: 15/ 32 in version found on BlackBoard)
(Tania Modleski, “The Search for Tomorrow in Today’s Soap Operas. Notes on a Feminine Narrative Form.” Film Quarterly 33:1 (1979) 12-21, citation: 15/ 32 in version found on BlackBoard)
The quote above serves to illustrate how
spectator and screen can negotiate different relationships and how these
different relationships lead to different experiences of power and pleasure. More
specifically Modleski seeks to argue that the viewer does not necessarily need
to identify with a male protagonist and a concomitant sense of power, as argued
by Mulvey. Rather, Modleski argues, the viewer can also experience a loss of
power by identifying with multiple characters. Furthermore, as seen in the
quote above, the viewer can vent frustration about a lack of real-life power through
hate of the villain, who is envisioned as trying to overcome the weaknesses
that the viewer experiences. Modleski thus seeks to broaden the possible
relationships between viewer, identification and the screen and thereby also
consider new ways in which looking leads to experiences of power and pleasure.
However, she limits herself by positing that this villainess is female and thus
someone trying to overcome not just any human weakness, but “traditional
feminine weakness”. The villainess is not just the “negative self-image” of any viewer, but of the female one. Thus, even though Modleski
allows for a wider range of identifications of the female viewer with cinema/tv,
she keeps a certain essentialism alive by not investigating the ways in which a
female viewer would, for example, identify with a male or even non-gendered
villain. Does one necessarily have to identify with a gendered character to
make looking pleasurable?
To illustrate
this question one could look at the series “Pretty Little Liars”. In this show
four female friends are watched, threatened, and attacked by an anonymous
person who they also suspect of killing their friend Alison. This person goes
by “A” and although A knows everything about the girls, the girls have great
difficulty in uncovering who A is. Much like a soap series, the show offers
multiple identifications (although the four main characters are all female and
appear to portray different ‘types’ of femininity) and an ending is constantly
postponed due to an endless stream of plot twists and interruptions that
inhibit a proper conclusion. More interestingly, however, A is much like the villainess
in the sense that A causes a great amount of excessive suffering, yet, A
remains invisible. In fact, part of the riddle is finding out the gender of A,
so one can narrow the list of suspects. This, however, appears to be impossible,
because A’s actions never leave a “gendered mark”; anyone could be capable of
doing what A does. This disembodiment of A appears to contribute to sense of
danger A rouses. A is always a step ahead, knows all, sees all and controls our
gaze. Yet, A is never seen. In a sense this problematizes the idea that the
viewer gains pleasure from experiencing a certain sense of power (or a
legitimated loss thereof) through identifying with enacted gender roles and the
senses of self they excite. The lack of knowing who is the one in control
appears to put the viewer, regardless of gender, in the same helpless position
as the girls harassed in the series. In a sense, because we lack knowledge of,
amongst other things, the gender of the one who is in control, we also lack a
sense of identification that could relieve the tension the situation of “not
knowing” incites. At the same time, we are more capable of identifying with the
girls, because we are almost as ill-informed as they are.
In sum, the
ungendered, invisible criminal makes it possible to question the ways in which
pleasure in looking is engendered. For if both men and women cannot perceive the
gender of the threat, is it either the lack of gender or the possibilities the
lack creates that arouse excitement in the viewer? In other words, if the
identification between viewer and viewed is not self-evident and clearly
gendered, what happens with the pleasure of watching? Is it merely the
excitement of not knowing or the way it allows the viewer to project a variety
possibilities that serves to provoke pleasure? Is it the lack of power in
knowledge or the power of possibility that we experience as pleasurable?